Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Totalitarianism In George Orwells 1984 - 1028 Words

Totalitarianism Used in 1984 A dystopia is a society which is characterized by misery, oppression, and unhappiness. Likewise, a totalitarian government neither allow parties to have different opinions nor freedom with a centralized government, therefore totalitarianism and dystopian societies are similar. In 1984, written by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dictator who gives the Oceanian population no personal freedoms and strictly dominates all of the country for their own selfish ways. Unlike Oceania, the United States governs their country with a different approach. In present day America, the amendments of the Constitution gives society certain freedoms and grants them the rights to have free opinions as well as freedom of religion,†¦show more content†¦Finally, the government officials in a totalitarian society are powerful and leaders have worse intentions, as well as cruel motives. In a totalitarian state of mind, officials will rule for their own selfish purposes, terminating rights and freedoms of society as a whole. A totalitarian government is strict and unfair making it a dystopian ruling giving society little power and the government a lot, which are some of the reasons that the United States of America would not be in favor of a totalitarian ruled nation, like in 1984. Accordingly, Oceania is the country that main character, Winston, lives in in the novel, 1984. Oceania is not politically built like a the United States or most nations in general. In the made up civilization of Oceania, there are particular classes. Big Brother was the leader while right below was the inner party that made all the rules and kept order. Below is the outer party which follows the regulations of the city while the Big Brother enforces them. The bottom class is the proles which are treated like animals and ignored entirely. Big Brother will punish those who break the rules, whether it be thought crime, treason. ect. Punishment includes physical torture and jail time along with a form of brain wash. Because they have full control, Big Brother benefits from the labor of citizens, as well as how fearful society is to rebel. The government controls the population with thought crime, thoughtShow MoreRelatedThe Themes Of Totalitarianism In George Orwells 19841459 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesare still trusted and given the privacy for private acts. Furthermore, George Orwell models a government who consistently abuse their power in society. The theme of totalitarianism is consistent throughout 1984, and creates a society filled with fear and discipline. Big Brother is seen as a Leviathan throughout Oceania’s community, and this all-powerful being determines the lives and well being of each individual. Orwell’s 1984 creates a dystopian society where even the smallest personal acts areRead More George Orwells 1984: Unmasking Totalitarianism1749 Words   |  7 Pageshand, George Orwell stood in direct opposition. This resistance against the Totalitarian rule of Stalin was especially expressed in one of his most popular books called 1984, which â€Å"brings home to England the experience of countless who suffered in Totalitarian regimes of Eastern Europe† (Meyers 114). George Orwell through his life experiences and through the accounts of others had seen the dangers of Totalitarianism. In 1984, George Orwell exposed three dangerous aspects of Totalitarianism by showingRead MoreTotalitarianism And Dystopia In George Orwells 19841207 Words   |  5 PagesTotalitarianism and dystopia in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four The novel, Nineteen Eighty-four or 1984, written by George Orwell concentrates on the idea of a future, a future in which the world is divide into three super state, namely Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia after a global war. The three super state continued to wage war against each other in order to take control of the remaining lands, the war still continued in order to have ideological control over the people. The plot of the novelRead MoreGovernment Surveillance And Totalitarianism In George Orwells 19841593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Correlation of Government Surveillance and Totalitarianism in 1984 During the production of 1984, author George Orwell never envisioned a tangible reality housing the society he constructed. He wrote the novel as a warning, a cautious exposà © showing those what could happen if society lost its sense of humanity; housed in a painfully relevant satire of totalitarian barbarism. In his novel 1984, George Orwell addresses the issue of government surveillance through his strategic use of point of viewRead MoreEssay on Democracy Versus Totalitarianism in George Orwells 19842085 Words   |  9 PagesDemocracy Versus Totalitarianism in George Orwells 1984 Winston Smith lived in a world of lies, chaos, and disorder. His uniform was shabby and living space cold and dirty. Changing the past to suit the present was his job where he worked, the Ministry of Truth. One day, he encountered a beautiful young woman of about 26 years of age and instantly fell in love. Little did he know that she would be the one who would end his life. He dreams of sleeping with her but fears that he would be capturedRead MoreYevgeny Zamyatin’s We and George Orwell’s 1984 demonstrate totalitarianism in fictional countries.1900 Words   |  8 Pages Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We and George Orwell’s 1984 demonstrate totalitarianism in fictional countries. Totalitarianism is a system of government that is centralized, dictatorial, and requires complete subservience to the state. A totalitarian government manipulates human consciousness by the use of propaganda that implanted dogma, that is living with the results of the Benefactor’s pers pectives and Big Brothers’ theories respectively as incontrovertibly true. This overall idea of mind control over theRead More1984 Analysis Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesHistory and 1984 War is peace. Freedom is Slavery. Ignorance is strength. In George Orwells 1984, a light is shining on the concept of a negative utopia, or dystopia caused by totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is, a form of government in which political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of lifeÂ… and any opposing political and/or cultural expressions are suppressed. Having lived in a time of totalitarianism regime, Orwell had a firsthand account ofRead MoreFrancess Kargbo. Mr. Bond-Theriault. 2Nd Period. 22 March1623 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 2017 1984 By: George Orwell From a new historicism , and psychoanalytic criticism view. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† As the future nears, most of humanity is starting to realize that â€Å"2+2=5†(. There is manipulation that occurs constructed by the government to control every aspect of reality, technology taking human jobs, those who control the present write history, social hierarchy, and wars that have no purpose. 1984 by Eric Arthur Blair is known by his pen name, George Orwell may notRead More1984 Metropolis Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagespower† is heavily supported by George Orwell’s 1949 novel ‘1984’ and Fritz Lang’s 1927 film ‘Metropolis’ through their intertextual connections and shared perspectives. Both texts were composed around the context of pre and post World War 2 which is clearly evident through their settings, characterisation, themes and ideas. Through Orwell’s and Fritz’s use of dystopic societies, empowerment of women and detrimental dictatorship rule it is blatant that George Orwell’s quote â€Å"The object of power isRead MoreEssay on 1984: A Prophesy for the Future?1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel 1984 is a story about a future civilization that is ruled by a totalitarian government. When the book was published in 1949 the thoughts and ideas seemed to be a prophesy for the future. A totalitarian government is one of the strictest forms of government with the least amount of freedom for the people. A totalitarian government is a mix of the military, individual leadership and the national political party. Usually the leader is a person who has a kind of charisma that makes his authority

Monday, December 23, 2019

The Importance Of Having A Place - House - 1170 Words

Lucy, Ichiro and Esperanza stress the importance of having a place – house - they belong in and wonder where home is for them, hoping the discovery of home will lead to self-realization. Lucy says: â€Å"†¦my mother had said to me many times: for my whole life I should make sure the roof over my head was my own; such a thing was important, especially if you were a woman.† (Kincaid, 144). The fact that she ended up renting an apartment with Peggy remarks that she has started the process of becoming independent, although the apartment is only hers as long as she can afford to pay the rent. Although the apartment is only temporarily hers, it is the money she earned that let her acquire the authority to live in it. Similarly, Esperanza states: â€Å"Not†¦show more content†¦The prison which he had carved out of his own stupidity granted no paroles or pardons. It was a prison of forever† (Okada 38). Although he is physically at home, he is psychologicall y imprisoned by his decision not to join the American army and become an outcast. Home for Ichiro would be a state of mind that would let him embrace his decision and exist as American and Japanese at the same time. These characters’ quest for home makes them realize that perhaps they are looking for belonging in the wrong places. Minorities: Lucy, Esperanza and Ichiro, finally come to the conclusion that they cannot escape who they are, and that they would have to return home to become whole, instead of leaving home to fill the void. Even though Lucy wants nothing to do with her mother and writes her that she will never return home, she realizes that the thing she has been looking for this entire time – love of her mother– is the same love she is trying to erase. It takes her a while to realize this because throughout that novel she does not allow herself to feel, form attachments and seek closure, until Mariah gives her the Journal that would let her write her own story, unlike the book about women in society which contributes nothing to her self-realization. In addition to using writing as a way of liberation, facing reality enables her to see that she cannot run away from home forever, because her mother wrote her that â€Å"†¦she would

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Four Women in American Music History Free Essays

American music history has grown an incredible amount in the last hundred years. Prior to that time, there were very few styles of music that originated in America. However, with the advent of jazz and related styles, American music culture was born. We will write a custom essay sample on Four Women in American Music History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blues is one of the early styles of music that is truly American, and there are many American artists who sang or performed in that style. In fact, blues is still popular today, although it has changed over time. Blues is an important and long-term American musical style, which has had many effects on musical culture from the early 1900s through today. Bessie Smith was an early blues singer. She was popular in the 1920s and 30s, and was known as much for her hard-drinking, rough life as much as her music. She sang about what she knew. Bessie was an African American woman who indulged in sex and alcohol, and had a strong temper. She never gave up without a fight, either in her music or her life. Getting into a fight with Bessie wasn’t something a person wanted to do, either, because she was over six feet tall and weighed about two hundred pounds. Bessie had a history of getting into fist fights with people, male or female. She also took off after her ex-husband with a gun when she found him cheating on her, after beating up his lover. However, Bessie herself was known for sleeping with a number of both men and women (Whitney). Musically, Bessie was not really trained. She could not read music, and relied on other musicians to write her songs down for her. She did write her own lyrics, though. She was a formidable presence on stage, able to sing loudly and strongly because of her size, and her tendency to sing in the range that was easiest for her. In writing her music, Bessie tended to modify existing melodies, and sometimes create new ones, so that they lay well in her â€Å"good† range (Whitney). Here is an example of Bessie’s lyrics, which show her feelings about life plainly: â€Å"I ain’t no high yella, I’m a deep killer brown. /I ain’t gonna marry, ain’t gonna settle down. /I’m gonna drink good moonshine and rub these browns down. /See that long lonesome road, Lawd you know it’s gonna end,/and I’m a good woman and I can get plenty men† (Whitney). Bessie was also known as something of a racist. While her fans were both black and white, she was rude to both whites and lighter-skinned blacks. Even at the height of her career, when she had enough money to live as she chose (even as a white person might, in the early 30s), she chose to stay on the streets and to live the life that was familiar to her. Her lyrics here show her thinking on this matter: â€Å"Mister rich man, rich man, open up your heart and mind,/Mister rich man, rich man, open up your heart and mind;/Give the poor man a chance, help stop these hard, hard times. /While you’re livin’ in your mansion you don’t know what hard times means, /While you’re livin’ in your mansion you don’t know what hard times means; /Poor working man’s wife is starving your wife is livin’ like a queen† (Whitney). Ethel Waters is a blues singer who began performing later in Bessie’s career. While Bessie was primarily performing and well known during the 1920s, Ethel became better known in the 1930s (her career did officially begin in 1921, though). Ethel was specifically a different kind of blues singer than Bessie, and in fact was different from her in many ways. Ethel is also of African American decent, but she grew up in the North and was heavily influenced by white performers. When she began performing professionally, Ethel joined a group of blacks who called themselves â€Å"Cakewalk singers,† which was distinctly different from the more traditional blues singers, like Bessie (PBS). Ethel’s acceptance of whites can be traced to what was a very rough beginning for her. She was born when her mother was only 12. Her mother had been raped by a white man, John Waters. Ethel, then, is half-white, and carries her father’s surname. She was raised by her maternal grandmother in poverty, and began singing at age 5. Her beginnings are much more similar to Bessie’s, but what she did with herself later differs widely (Myers). Ethel worked with a number of famous jazz performers, including Duke Ellington. In addition to her singing career, Ethel was also an actress, an area of her life that eventually came to the forefront. Her singing style was not nearly as strong as Bessie’s, but she performed very theatrically and managed to capture the audience’s interest in all of her music. This came in handy, as she continued performing through the 1960s and 70s, working at that time with Billy Graham (PBS). Ultimately, Bessie’s influence on Ethel was very indirect. Both were jazz singers in a time when African Americans were first on the rise in popularity on the stage. Bessie’s grit may have given Ethel opportunities she might not have otherwise had. In many other ways, though, the two were very different; attitude, style, and more. Dinah Washington is another important singer in this chain of history. Her birth name was Ruth Jones, and she was born in 1924. She is significantly younger than both Ethel and Bessie, whose careers were near their peaks when she was born. Music was in Dinah’s family from the beginning. Her mother was a church pianist, and taught her to play at a young age. She was accompanying and touring by the time she was 16, and had already won prizes. However, although her initial roots were in the church, Dinah longed to work in secular music, namely jazz (Dahl). At age 19, Dinah got her big break, singing with Lionel Hampton’s Big Band, then one of the most popular music styles. By 1945, she was recording her own solo work for the Apollo label and Mercury records, and by 1948, she was on her way to major stardom. 1959 was her biggest year, when she sang â€Å"What a Dif’rence a Day Makes† (Dahl). In her personal life, Dinah was similar to Bessie. She had many husbands, and she drank a lot. In fact, alcohol and drugs eventually killed her at the end of 1963 (Dahl). In addition, she also loved the finer things, including fur, clothes, and cars. Her personality was known as â€Å"feisty,† and she could be snapping one minute and generous the next (Cohodas). At first glance, Christina Aguilera doesn’t look much like the other stars. For one, she isn’t black. For another, she was born after all of the other singers had died. However, it is her roots and influences that she is similar to them. Like Dinah, she is biracial, with a mom who is Irish and a father who is Ecuadorian. Her father was in the military, which meant that Christina traveled a lot as a child (Biggest Stars). Also like the other singers, Christina was interested in singing and performing from the time she was a young girl. Her family was also musical, with her mother performing on violin and piano professionally. Christina had a brief, two-year stint on The Mickey Mouse Club when she was a child, working with other singers who later became famous, like Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake (Biggest Stars). Christina’s initial music was definitely pop, with her first number one single titled â€Å"Genie in a Bottle. † The single topped both the U. S. and UK charts in 1999. For awhile longer, Christina continued in the pop genre, recording for the movie Mulan, and singing a new version of â€Å"Lady Marmalade† with several other female pop stars (Biggest Stars). Christina’s work eventually began to seem less significant to her, and she decided to record her 2002 album â€Å"Stripped. † The album was the first that really showed her background and influences. Her comments about this album: â€Å"Coming off of the height of being a part of such a big pop-craze phenomenon, that imagery of that cookie-cutter sweetheart, without it being me, I just had to take it all down and get it away from me. And that is why I actually named the album Stripped, because it is about being emotionally stripped down and pretty bare to open my soul and heart. † This album used many different influences, including soul, RB, rock, hip-hop and Latin (Biggest Stars). Aguilera’s influences were similar to the earlier stars mentioned. She looked to soul and RB, both of which are styles typically recorded by African Americans. The blues aspect of RB, in particular, is interesting to note. Aguilera was following in the footsteps of the other female jazz singers with this style. Also, similar to Dinah Washington, Aguilera sang pop (Dinah did pop in addition to her jazz roots). In general, all four of these women have things in common, and things that are different. Each grew up under similar circumstances, often with mostly maternal influences. Most had some kind of musical background at home. Most grew up poor, and all had an early talent for music and singing. Most also had a taste for sex, drugs, and some rougher things in life, and had a hard time at one point or another. However, each was unique. Bessie was certainly the biggest and most blunt of the group, while Christina stood of the opposite end as the â€Å"sweetheart† of pop for awhile. Christina was also different in that she was not of African American decent in any way, although Ethel was also half-white. Some of the singers, namely Dinah, had their start in gospel music, while others went straight for jazz or pop. Overall, it is interesting how strikingly similar the artists are, even though there are also very big differences in their lives and styles. Their stories and backgrounds are surprisingly similar in some respects, but very different in others. These four women are just some of the amazing performers from the rich tapestry that is American music history. Sources Burns, Ken. â€Å"Ethel Waters. † Jazz. Accessed on December 4, 2007. Website: http://www. pbs. org/jazz/biography/artist_id_waters_ethel. htm. â€Å"Christina Aguilera Biography. † Biggest Stars. Accessed December 4, 2007. Website: http://www. biggeststars. com/c/christina-aguilera-biography. html. Cohodas, Nadine (2004). Queen: The Life and Music of Dinah Washington. Accessed December 4, 2007. Website: http://www. dinahthequeen. com/. Dahl, Bill. â€Å"Dinah Washington. † Accessed December 4, 2007. Website: http://www. vervemusicgroup. com/dinahwashington. Myers, Aaron. â€Å"Ethel Waters. † Accessed December 4, 2007. Website: http://www. wntb. com/blackachievers/ethlwaters/. Whitney, Ross (1995). â€Å"Reflections Of 1920’s And 30’s Street Life In The Music Of Bessie Smith. † Accessed December 4, 2007. Website: http://bluesnet. hub. org/readings/bessie. html. How to cite Four Women in American Music History, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Singapore Savings Bond Task Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Singapore Savings Bond Task. Answer: Introduction This study deals with identifying one of the strategy or policy under Singapore Savings Bond that is properly selected and approved[1]. In this particular assignment, proper emphasis has been given on selecting a strategy and this is passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond. It is desired by every single person that they would like an investment where there is zero risk and high double digit returns with full liquidity. This combination is hard to find but the study would definitely bring out some of the strategy used that will benefit both investor and borrower in long run. The current segment properly explains about investment strategy that is advised to the individual for using for a time span of 10 year to get higher and better returns. Passive investors aims at replicating market performance by way of constructing well-diversified portfolios of individual stocks as it is the process that need further extensive research[2]. Singapore Savings Bond Task for one of the strategy or policy selected and approved The investment strategy used by Singapore Savings Bond provides proper insights of information about bond investments[3]. The discussion here about strategy selected and approved by Singapore Savings Bond and this is investment strategy that will be discussed in the next segments. The features of Singapore Savings Bonds as follows: Liquidity- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is liquidity and this means flexible redemption. Here, the money is kept in the Singapore Savings Bonds for as long as needed. At the time of withdrawal, the funds can be transferred back within a period of month and there will be no charge of penalty. Safety- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is safety and this means guaranteed principal. Individuals will always get investment amount back in full that include earned interest with no capital losses[4]. Higher returns- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is higher returns this means up to 90x more interest as compared to banks. Here, the interest earned increases from 0.9% to 3.4% as it depends on how long an individual had invested such as maximum of 10 years. Limits- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is limits that mean low minimums. These good features as well as returns means investing that is capped at $50,000 per purchase as it is the issue limit and overall limit is $1,00,000 total. Lower fees- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is low fees that means flat application fees. Here, the bank charges a transaction fee of $2 for each of the applications as well as redemption request[5]. Key objectives and major stakeholders affected and their interests Key objective of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is that individual get dependable cash flow for a period of 10 years. Here, the interest payments will be paid for every 6 months that will be on time, every time and tax-free Key objective of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is that individual will get back principal and 100% of capital investment at maturity where no early termination of bond investment are done by the issuer [6] Investment is guaranteed. The principal investment done by an individual in Singapore Savings Bonds will be guaranteed by the Singapore Government as it means transferring money under the pillow to Singapore Savings Bonds. Reducing transaction costs [7] Eliminating the hassle of frequent transactions Eliminating reinvestment risk at the time of tenure of bond investment Global factor that has influenced its implementation and outcome, be it positive or negative One of the positive factors is passive bond investment strategy of Singapore Savings Bond where the investment strategy is the simplest plan that should be adopted by both men as well as women in the retail streets of Singapore. Passive investing is also known as buy and hold strategy that takes into account buying a security with the intention of owing it for many years. Like other active traders, it is noted that passive investors are not attempting for gaining profit from any of the short-term fluctuations or market timing. The principal assumptions underpin the passive investment strategy where the market predominantly posts positive returns for given time span. Appraisal of its performance in terms of any of the two metrics There are several advantages to the passive bond in investment strategy. The first merit is if an individual adopt passive investment strategy, they become a long-term bond investor. The next merit is earning interest for every 6 months of time span and upon maturity; the individual will get the principal as well[8]. Fit to root problem or need There are problem with passive investment strategy in Singapore Savings Bond. The main two root problem is interest rate risk and inflation. Interest rate risk- One of the problems of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is interest rate risk. Individuals cannot capitalize on future rise of interest rates within the time span of 10 years of the bond investment[9]. It is due to issuance, it is noted that the rates are fixed based on the prevailing yields as well as locked in for each of the issues. For instance, individuals you purchase Singapore Savings Bond this year at Y% per annum, then will get interest rate increase to Y+1% per annum in the following year. Here, the individual will be losing out potential earned interest income. Inflation risk- One of the problems of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is inflation risk. The interest income earned by individuals may not be able to beat inflation over the time span of 10-year bond investment term. The above figure shows that after investing in Singapore Savings Bond, interest will be based on 1 year SGS yield at the point individuals purchase the savings bond at 0.9% per annum. For the second year, individual will earn an interest at 1.5% per annum that is higher than the 2-year SGS yield at 1.2% per annum. For the 10th year, the Singapore Savings Bond pays an interest at 3.3% per annum. This means that the total return or average interest on the investment at 2.4% per annum that matches on what individuals have received and bought 10-year SGS at the time of investment activities. Sustainability Sustainable investing is more about driving positive social or environmental impact that goes along to derive financial results as it allows investors for accomplishing more with their money. Sustainable passive investment is all about smart investing. It is important for the investors to adjust their financial goals for in order to invest for a common purpose. Here, the sustainable funds are designed for meeting the performance features of traditional investments at the time of targeting specific social impact objectives like reducing the carbon footprint of an investment portfolio in the most appropriate way[12]. Future uncertainty or risk that may change direction or impede continuation of the strategy or policy The future risk associated to passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond will be interest rate risk and inflation risk. In case of passive investment strategy, it is noted that the manager of the funds are not seeking to produce returns greater as compared with the benchmark as it is the goal for matching the level of performance. Passive investing is not only less risky but it is rather it is more risky. Passive investing can be termed as the opposite of aggressive investing activities. The risk is associated with the lower fees, liquidity as well as transparency and tax efficiency. The risk identified need to be reduced so that individual feels safe to invest money on Singapore Savings bonds in the near future[13]. Suggestion on how to improve the strategy or policy and address its deficiency and reason for making the suggestion The risk identified above can be improved in the near future. Here, passive investment strategy involves buy and hold investor who are looking for maximizing the income that is generated at the time of bond generation[15]. It is mostly presumed by the investor that passive investment strategy is safe as well as predictable sources of income. It is suggested for the investors who opts this strategy to change in the income stream because of embedded options that are mentioned in the bonds covenants at issue as well as stay with the bond of life. The strategy used will be good for the lender but bad for the borrower. Hence, the strategy should be a used in a way after looking at the demerits first so that the investment strategy can be beneficial in the near future. In order to execute passive bond investment strategy, it is recommended to the individual to first decide on how much money will be invested in Singapore Savings Bond. It is suggested to hold the Singapore Savings Bond until maturity of 10 years. The decisions need to be taken after considering personal financial situations. In order to undertake decisions, it is important to perform a financial needs analysis and if anyone is still unsure, then it is recommended to consult qualified personal financial advisor. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that passive investment strategy of Singapore Savings Bonds had been selected and approved that give proper emphasis upon facts that will benefits individuals who are willing to put their money. The above analysis gives proper explanation about the merits and demerits of investing money in Singapore Savings Bonds. The characteristics of passive investment are explained in the study with proper justification at the same time. Risk is associated with this strategy but proper recommendations are also highlighted in the current segment that can mitigate the risk as far as possible. References "Tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg". in , , 2017, https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/ [accessed 1 November 2017]. A Brav, W Jiang H Kim, The real effects of hedge fund activism: Productivity, asset allocation, and labor outcomes.The Review of Financial Studies,28(10), 2723-2769, 2015 D Hunter, E Kandel, S Kandel R Wermers, Mutual fund performance evaluation with active peer benchmarks.Journal of Financial economics,112(1), 1-29, 2014 I Appel, T Gormley D Keim, Passive investors, not passive owners.Journal of Financial Economics,121(1), 111-141, 2016 J Bogle, The index mutual fund: 40 years of growth, change, and challenge.Financial Analysts Journal,72(1), 9-13, 2016 M Cremers, M Ferreira, P Matos L Starks, Indexing and active fund management: International evidence.Journal of Financial Economics,120(3), 539-560, 2016 M Kacperczyk, S NIEUWERBURGH L Veldkamp, Time?varying fund manager skill.The Journal of Finance,69(4), 1455-1484, 2014 N Dass, V Nanda Q Wang, Allocation of decision rights and the investment strategy of mutual funds.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), 254-277, 2013 N Vasu, C Cheong, Singapore in 2015: SG50.Southeast Asian Affairs,2016(1), 295-314, 2016 S elik M Isaksson, Institutional investors and ownership engagement.OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends,2013(2), 93-114, 2014 T Jenkinson, H Jones J Martinez, Picking winners? Investment consultants recommendations of fund managers.The Journal of Finance,71(5), 2333-2370, 2016 W Van Lancker, Putting the child-centred investment strategy to the test: Evidence for the EU27.European Journal of Social Security,15(1), 4-27, 2013 Z Bodie,Investments. McGraw-Hill, 2013